Introduction Many drugs need to pass through one or more cell membranes to reach their site of action. A common feature of all cell membranes is a phospholipid bilayer, about 10 nm thick, arranged with the hydrophilic heads on the outside and the lipophilic chains facing inwards. This gives a …

RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS Rational use of drugs means using drugs that are safe and effective. These drugs should be available at reasonable prices and could be stored conveniently. The drug should be the appropriate drug for the disease, should be administered at the right dose for the right period …

Introduction Traditionally all living objects had been divided into the plant and animal kingdoms. There are some organisms that do not fulfill the criteria for either of the two kingdoms. A new kingdom, Protista was created to include these organisms. Protista has been divided into viruses, prokaryotic and Eukaryota (Table …

Introduction Medical microbiology is the biological study of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae which are collectively called microorganisms, and unlike macroscopic organisms that are readily visible, these require magnification to be seen with the help of a microscope. MICROORGANISM A microorganism is one of a very diverse group of …

What is branding, really? ‘Brands’ and ‘branding’ are among the most abused and misunderstood terms in the business vocabulary. If you ask the average consumer of luxury goods to define a brand, they’d probably relate it to a ‘brand name’ like Versace or Dior, or to a product like the …

Introduction In the quote above, legendary English playwright William Shakespeare raised an age-old question, ‘What is in a name?’ In the luxury fashion branding scene, the ‘name’, in other words, the ‘brand name’, is everything. This is because it is the ‘brand name’ and the ‘brand logo’ that attracts consumers …

Introduction Anyone who thinks fashion is inconsequential and doesn’t deserve serious attention must think again. Fashion is a strong force that has always played a significant role in the evolution of mankind’s society. As far back as the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Empires, fashion was a key social element that …

Introduction NOW THAT YOU’VE GOT THE RIGHT GUITAR, and know how to take care of it, there are just two more things to learn before getting to the fun part (playing it!). One is the correct way to hold the guitar and strum it, either with your fingertips or a …

Introduction Instruments related to the guitar have been in existence since ancient times. The idea of stretching strings across a vibrating chamber of air, called a soundbox, dates back to prehistoric times, and is found in virtually every culture in the world. The idea of using frets to mark the …

Introduction It is one thing to know what the modes are, to know what modality is in abstraction and to be able to name the modes, even to spell their intervals and relationship. It is one thing to know a scale, but it is quite another to understand it practically. …